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As to different angles of attack and nonlinear problems caused by high temperatures in coexisting hypersonic aircraft, people mainly rely on fluid software for research but lack analysis of flow mechanisms. Owing to computational difficulties, few people use numerical algorithms to combine them for discussion. Hence, this study aims to make a deep inquiry into the laminar flow and heat transfer of compressible Newtonian fluid in hypersonic aircraft with small attack angles.

In this paper, on the basis of mass, momentum and energy conservation laws, the governing equations of the hypersonic boundary layer are established. Viscosity, specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity are considered nonlinear functions concerning temperature. In virtue of the MacCormack finite difference method, the stationary numerical solutions are solved directly, and the validity of the algorithm is verified.

The results demonstrate that at Mach number 5, compared to the 0° attack angle, the maximum temperature near-wall at the 3° attack angle increases by about 25%. An enjoyable phenomenon is discovered, where the position corresponding to the maximum wall shear force shifts back as the attack angle and Mach number increase. The relationship between the near-wall maximum temperature versus attack angle and Mach number is fitted through numerical calculation results.

Empirical formulas can be used to estimate heat transfer characteristics at small attack angles, which will guide the design of aircraft thermal protection systems.

Provenance information is crucial for consistent maintenance of metadata schemas over time. The purpose of this paper is to propose a provenance model named DSP-PROV to keep track of structural changes of metadata schemas.

The DSP-PROV model is developed through applying the general provenance description standard PROV of the World Wide Web Consortium to the Dublin Core Application Profile. Metadata Application Profile of Digital Public Library of America is selected as a case study to apply the DSP-PROV model. Finally, this paper evaluates the proposed model by comparison between formal provenance description in DSP-PROV and semi-formal change log description in English.

Formal provenance description in the DSP-PROV model has advantages over semi-formal provenance description in English to keep metadata schemas consistent over time.

The DSP-PROV model is applicable to keep track of the structural changes of metadata schema over time. Provenance description of other features of metadata schema such as vocabulary and encoding syntax are not covered.

This study proposes a simple model for provenance description of structural features of metadata schemas based on a few standards widely accepted on the Web and shows the advantage of the proposed model to conventional semi-formal provenance description.

This paper aims to find optimal emission reduction investment strategies for the manufacturer and examine the effects of carbon cap-and-trade policy and uncertain low-carbon preferences on emission reduction investment strategies.

This paper studied a supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer, in which the manufacturer is responsible for emission reduction investment. The manufacturer has two emission reduction investment strategies: (1) invest in traditional emission reduction technologies only in the production process and (2) increase investment in smart supply chain technologies in the use process. Then, three different Stackelberg game models are developed to explore the benefits of the manufacturer in different cases. Finally, this paper coordinates between the manufacturer and the retailer by developing a revenue-sharing contract.

The manufacturer's optimal emission reduction strategy is dynamic. When consumers' low-carbon preferences are low and the government implements a carbon cap-and-trade policy, the manufacturer can obtain the highest profit by increasing the emission reduction investment in the use process. The carbon cap-and-trade policy can encourage the manufacturer to reduce emissions only when the initial carbon emission is low. The emission reduction, order quantity and the manufacturer's profit increase with the consumers' low-carbon preferences. And the manufacturer can adjust the emission reduction investment according to the emission reduction cost coefficient in two processes.

This paper considers the investment of emission reduction technologies in different processes and provides theoretical guidance for manufacturers to make a low-carbon transformation. Furthermore, the paper provides suggestions for governments to effectively implement carbon cap-and-trade policy.

The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the indigenous concept of suzhi at individual and organizational levels, and identify its dimensions for human resource management (HRM) research and practice in China.

Based on a comprehensive review of suzhi literature, Chinese cultural and historical literature, as well as Western mainstream HRM research, a multidimensional suzhi framework is conceptualized.

As an indigenous expression, suzhi can be and has been adopted for Chinese HRM research and practice. As a multidimensional construct, one’s cognitive suzhi is jointly determined by corresponding moral suzhi, wenhua (knowledge-based) suzhi and zhuanye (professional) suzhi. Cognitive suzhi, in turn, determines one’s behavioral suzhi that drives employees to enhance organizational performance, and this relationship is moderated by psychological suzhi.

The proposed framework provides new insight for Chinese indigenous management research, particularly in developing suzhi measurement for different dimensions. It also informs HRM practices in recruiting, selection, performance analysis and employee career development.

The complexity of suzhi dimensions from an organizational HRM perspective is analyzed. The resulting suzhi framework offers new insight for HRM research and practices in China.

Suggests that misunderstandings frequently occur when trying to understand Chinese language and culture, and so gives the implied meaning of various Chinese expressions and sayings such as greetings, thanks, respect, age, congratulations and taboo subjects.

The e-business platform has become a major driver for economic growth and development. The economic success of an e-marketplace greatly depends on the extent to which buyers and sellers are attracted to enter and actively participate in the e-business platform. Existing literature lacks empirical examination of factors influencing e-business platform attractiveness (EBPA) from a seller's perspective and understudies the interplay between technical and managerial considerations.

Based on the literature on network economy, modular systems theory, control theory and social exchange theory, the paper proposed that platform flexibility and platform control (PC) would affect EBPA through both direct and interaction effects. From a survey of platform sellers, the paper explored the influencing mechanisms of EBPA using hierarchical regression and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to understand the statistical associations and the set relations of the conjunctions and conditions.

The paper found that platform flexibility (PF), process control and clan control (CC) positively affected EBPA. In addition, the interaction between PF and process control demonstrated a substitution effect on EBPA, and the interaction between PF and CC demonstrated a complementary effect on EBPA. Also, the authors found that the interaction between process control and CC demonstrated a complementary effect on EBPA. fsQCA provided the configurations of causal recipes associated with EBPA.

From a seller's perspective, the paper presents both theoretical explanation and empirical evidence for how design factors (e.g. PF) and governance factors (e.g. process control and CC) may interplay to influence EBPA.

This study aims to build an indigenous Chinese management model based on Chinese culture.

This study adopts new institutionalism as its theoretical foundation, examines the core values of Chinese civilization in retrospect and identifies the key features of a Chinese management model. In this study, the authors develop a “glacier model” and test its reliability with the Haier Group.

This study proposes a new definition for a management model: a knowledge system based on institutional civilization that reflects management theory and practice. It analyzes the institutional environment of Chinese civilization: the recessive bottom-most layers are CBTLG (Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, legalism and Guan theory) and MDSX (Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping theory, scientific thoughts of development and Xi Jinping thought), the dominant principles are “Socialism and Mixed Economy” and the core values of Chinese culture compose the layer between them. This study concludes that the distinguishing features of Chinese management are harmonious management, the order-diversity pattern and Tai Chi management.

This paper only discussed the management model of China. Based on the conclusions of this paper, in the future, researchers comparative studies on Chinese management and other countries’ management models with glacier model. By so doing, people can have a more comprehensive understanding of management models of different cultures.

The management characteristics contained in Chinese culture can provide more abundant knowledge for understanding current organizational management issues. A better understanding of the characteristics of a Chinese management model based on Chinese civilization is conducive to foreign investment or cross-cultural cooperation between Chinese and foreign enterprises.

This study provides a new perspective in studying Chinese management. The theoretical values of the glacier model are as follows: it is rooted in a Chinese management context; it makes up for the insufficiency in the current study of institutionalism; and it guides cross-cultural communication and management. The authors hope that the study attracts the attention of more scholars. Any civilization of any region or country can construct its own management model using the frame of the glacier model.